Monday, October 21, 2024
Top 10 Most Expensive Car Crash Tests Of All Time
Friday, October 18, 2024
Should I Have My Car Repaired?
- "Won't my insurance rates go up?"
- "The damage isn't that bad... Can't I just wait and have it done later?"
- "I'm selling the car soon anyway so why bother?"
Recognizing that there are inherent costs of time and money it is still usually advisable to have vehicles repaired unless they are deemed a total loss by a qualified and trusted body shop or insurance adjuster.
In a nutshell our typical advice is this: Have it repaired, via an insurance claim, at a trusted body shop.
Have it repaired.
First, unless it's deemed a total loss, have it fixed. Repaired cars retain their value when it comes time to sell. You might save money in the short run but lose even more when you go to sell it. Un-repaired cars typically deteriorate after an accident. Remember the second law of thermodynamics from science class? Unchecked everything tends toward greater disorder. Cracked paint allows for rust. Broken parts strain adjacent parts and can cause further damage or even make the car unsafe. In short, repaired cars hold their value and are safer for you, your loved ones and other drivers.and
Via insurance
Second, it is almost always better to run it through insurance - yours or the other parties - if at all possible. Many people fear making a claim thinking there will be a premium increase. Typically that only occurs if there are multiple claims in a short period of time. (And even then it usually takes months before the increase goes into effect.) Many companies now offer accident forgiveness which allows you a certain number of claims before the rates are at risk of going up. Your agent can typically tell you case by case the impact a claim will have on your premiums. It's at least worth a phone call to your agent. Since you pay for insurance you might as well use it. Think about your monthly premium more as an investment in your car that will allow you to get your vehicle fixed right when you need it.
If you're not at fault your insurance company can fight for you better than you can fight for yourself. Yes, you'll have to pay your deductible after the repairs are completed but they can often recover that money if you're not at fault. In the auto body business we see this happen all the time. Insurance companies have the skills, knowledge and attorneys most of us couldn't afford. This is one of the reasons we pay them, right?
If for any reason you are unable (or decide not to) use insurance many shops have an "Economy Repair" option. This is case by case and depends on the body shop but it never hurts to ask. After getting an estimate simply ask if there is any cheaper way to get the repairs done since you are not going through insurance. They may be able to find aftermarket parts or extend a self-pay discount.
Use a trusted body shop
Lastly, for the repairs find a reputable body shop to perform the repairs. There are a few things you can do to determine if a shop is reputable. I suggest you use all of these together rather than rely on just one. First, ask your insurance company who they recommend. Shops on insurance preferred repairer lists tend to be better monitored and have a longer track record of quality repairs. Second, check for reviews to see if the shop has good recommendations from other consumers and even consumer advocates like the Better Business Bureau (bbb.org). Typically there are also reviews online of reputable shops at sites like Google and Yelp. Just type the name of the shop into a search engine and reviews will typically be available for shops with a long track record of quality repairs. You can also get reviews or recommendations by asking friends of their experiences with a body shop. Finally, visit the shop, request an estimate and take the opportunity to simply look around. You will need to trust your gut on this one but shops that are clean, professional and orderly are more likely trustworthy than ones that are dirty, in disarray and have a rude staff.
Hopefully you will not need the advice this article offers but if you find yourself in a collision I hope you will consider having your car repaired, via an insurance claim by a trusted body shop.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/3798181
If your car has been damaged in an accident bring it in to Corby's Collision! We have been in business for 47 years in Vacaville, California. When you do business with Corby's Collision you will not only deal with their qualified and professional staff but, also with Paul himself. He is an Owner/Operator and likes to be "hands on" with everything that goes in and out of the shop.
707-448-1696
Tuesday, October 15, 2024
Tips For Avoiding a Rear-End Crash
Saturday, October 12, 2024
Cognitive Distraction
Wednesday, October 9, 2024
Which Age Group Causes The Most Car Accidents?
Teen drivers
Driving represents a lot of things to teens. Freedom, empowerment for the first time in their lives and status as drivers makes putting teens behind the wheel a dangerous prospect. Teen drivers cause car accidents because they are full of youthful exuberance, and they lack the experience of more seasoned drivers, and they are prone to taking risks because they feel they are invincible.
Furthermore, teen drivers also drive cars that are not the safest on the road, such as smaller vehicles that have more blind spots, or do not have the safety and accident avoidance features that many other cars have. Also, teens engage in riskier behaviors, such as racing, drinking and driving, and overloading their cars with too many people, all of which can contribute to causing an accident.
Unfortunately, the combination of inexperience and propensity for risk taking means that teen drivers are among the most dangerous, and the statistics bear this out. That's why insurance companies generally charge more for the policies of teen drivers, because the companies understand the risks of teens on the road and adjust their premiums accordingly.
Elderly drivers
On the flip side of the accident-causing spectrum, elderly drivers are also an age group that causes the many car accidents. Though they may have decades of driving experience, safe cars and a risk-avoidance mentality, these very factors can actually contribute to causing accidents. Throw in diminished reaction times, failing vision and hearing, and a sense of entitlement and elderly drivers can be just as dangerous as the newly-minted 16 year old out on the road for the first time.
As the body ages, the mind and reflexes slow down. Hand-eye coordination decreases significantly, and it is a lot harder for older people to respond rapidly to conditions on the road or other drivers in dangerous situations. Then accidents occur.
Older drivers tend to think of themselves as perfectly safe drivers, obeying the rules of the road while the world around them takes dangerous risks. While this is partially true, elderly drivers make can make judgment errors about the flow of traffic and distances between vehicles much easier than younger drivers. If this happens and there is no way to fix this incorrect perception of reality, older drivers can make assumptions that cause accidents.
Ultimately, it is the responsibility of everyone on the road to be as safe a driver as they possibly can. Young drivers need to learn that they are not invincible, and older drivers need to realize that their skills and perception have likely decreased over time, and need to make adjustments to accommodate.
Article
Source: http://EzineArticles.com/4339406
Sunday, October 6, 2024
Restoration of a Rusty 1948 GMC. Full Rebuild From Start to Finish
Thursday, October 3, 2024
Take a close look at a heavy Wrecker Truck
Before continuing work on my class 8 wrecker model project I thought I would get some good pictures of a real wrecker, especially the business end.
Sunday, September 29, 2024
Auto insurance catch: Why they may deny your repair estimate
If you are in a car accident, your insurer is supposed to make sure the car is repaired, assuming you carry collision coverage. The law in most states says you can go to any repair shop you choose.
Friday, September 27, 2024
What Happens if Your Car is Totaled?
What does it mean to have a totaled car after an accident? Here we discuss the meaning, the effects, and the steps you should take if you find yourself in such an unfortunate situation. #KBB
Tuesday, September 24, 2024
Most Pickups Need Better Passenger-Side Protection
Most pickups need better passenger-side protection
ARLINGTON, Va. — The majority of pickups recently put through the passenger-side small overlap front test struggled to maintain their structure, but two trucks — the Ford F-150 and the Nissan Titan — earn a good rating.
The F-150 and the Titan join the Ram 1500, whose good rating in the test was released late last year.
The Honda Ridgeline, which earns an acceptable rating in the passenger-side test, is the only pickup so far to qualify for the 2019 TOP SAFETY PICK award, thanks to available good-rated headlights, which the other models all lack, and available superior-rated front crash prevention. The Ridgeline qualifies for the award only when equipped with those features.
The Toyota Tacoma also earns an acceptable rating in the passenger-side test, but it falls short of an award because of headlights.
In total, IIHS has rated 11 crew cab pickups in the passenger-side test — four small and seven large. The Toyota Tundra, a large pickup, earns the only poor rating, while five of the trucks rate marginal.
Saturday, September 21, 2024
Why Getting Your Vehicle Serviced Regularly Is Essential
The mechanical condition of a vehicle dictates its safety
as well as its performance on the road. In order to guarantee
- a smooth ride,
- prolong the life of a car,
- and increase its safety
The owner should always consider getting the vehicle serviced regularly. The main reason why this procedure is required is to ensure that any mechanical anomalies can be spotted and rectified before they can cause harm.
The routine maintenance is a small price to pay to guarantee one's safety on the roads. So what are the benefits of acquiring this service?
- It reduces the repair costs - maintenance procedures are preventative in nature and this means that it is a good way of avoiding major repair bills as a result of oversight.
- It reduces the chances of getting surprise breakdowns.
- Regular car services will lower the possible risk of getting involved in an accident
- Servicing involves various procedures that guarantee better fuel consumption. In essence it is cheaper to run a car that regularly goes for servicing
There are several kinds of servicing available and they include the following:
6 month or interim car service
This is a procedure that is intended for those individuals who cover a lot of mileage over short periods. This means that the car will require more regular checks to avoid unforeseen faults. Some of the work includes filter and oil changes as well as a comprehensive diagnostic check for all essential functions.
12 month or comprehensive car service
This is an all inclusive checkup that should be mandatory for all cars that are used on a regular basis. Most service providers do no less than 70 checks as well as some necessary adjustments. Replacement of worn out components is also done where necessary. The procedure includes Spark plug and air filter replacement among other processes.
Winter Inspection
Ensure that your car is ready to withstand winter conditions by getting a specialised check. Winter safety checks should be a mandatory practice for all car owners.
Car owners have a wide variety of options when it comes choosing a vehicle servicing company, whether you are driving a Land Rover or a Volswagen Polo. There are even new companies offering to service your car at your home or work place.
Of course, for those owners that are mechanically savvy, there is the option of servicing the car themselves. But you have to be qualified to do so and you must know exactly what you are doing.
Whether you use a professional's help or do it yourself, getting your car is very important.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7432715
Wednesday, September 18, 2024
AAA StartSmart - Distracted Driving
Sunday, September 15, 2024
The Dangers of Over-Inflated and Under-Inflated Tires
There are many reasons why you should take good care of your car. Not only is your vehicle a very expensive investment that you want to last for as long as possible, but your safety can also be at risk if your car is not performing at its best. One of the most overlooked factory scheduled car maintenance requirements for ALL vehicles is tire care.
Tires should be in good condition at all times. And as soon as they begin to show signs of wear and tear, it is time to have them replaced. In between tire replacement, your tires require regular rotations and balancing, as well as daily air pressure monitoring.
If you fail to take good care of your tires, they can begin to lose their ability to do their job, which can put your safety at risk. Tire pressure is a common problem that can influence your overall tire performance and safety. Be sure to routinely inspect your tires for proper inflation; you don't want them to be over or under-inflated.
The Dangers of Under-Inflated Tires
Bulges can form in the tire walls, which can weaken areas of the tires, and put them at a higher risk of blowing out on the road.
Under-inflated tires will cause reduced fuel efficiency, which affects a driver's budget and vehicle reliability.
Under-inflated tires will impede vehicular mobility, which can be dangerous in the defensive driving scenario and inclement weather, and while navigating small spaces.
The Dangers of Over-Inflated Tires
Over-inflated tires can cause an increase air temperature within them, which can lead to sudden blowouts while driving. They can also lead to an imbalance of contact on the road among all four tires, which can hinder vehicular mobility and handling.
According to a study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA):
A tire that is 25% above the recommended air pressure is 2 times more likely to be involved in a collision.
A tire that is 25% below the recommended tire pressure is 3 times more likely to be involved in a collision.
There are virtually 11,000 tire-related motor vehicle accidents every year.
Nearly 75% of roadside flats are a result of improper tire pressure.
Flat Tire?
If you get a flat as a result of over or under-inflation, you can try to repair it yourself if you have a spare tire or an emergency roadside kit. If you are not capable of repairing or changing your flat, you can contact a local towing company for 24-hour roadside assistance service.
They can respond to your location within a short amount of time, repair your tire, or tow you to the location of your choice. Whether it is 3 o'clock in the morning or 5:30 rush hour, they have the resources to get you back on the road in no time at all.
Thursday, September 12, 2024
Old Car vs Modern Car during Crash Test / Evolution of Car Safety
The first models and designs for automobiles were created in the 15th century by none other than Leonardo da Vinci, and the state of the global auto industry has evolved significantly since. First steam, to electric, gasoline, and today’s hybrids, the evolution of safety features in cars plays an essential role in reducing the once overwhelming number of injuries and damages resulting from auto accidents. Auto manufacturers have come a long way over the history of auto safety, paving the way for improved global safety standards.
Unfortunately, as a vehicle ages, a number of factors come into play that reduce the automobiles safety, aside from mechanical wear and tear. According to statistics, a driver is 10 times as likely to suffer fatal injuries in a collision while operating a 30-year-old vehicle versus a late model. The auto industry is continually working to improve the safety of current mechanisms, as well as developing and testing new ideas for safer vehicles. Developments in driving technology and new types of airbags have been prevalent just this year.
While the ultimate safe vehicle may be a long way off, American auto manufacturers have made significant strides in improving the overall security and protection a vehicles structure provides. Over the past 3 decades, fatal accidents in the U.S. have decreased by more than 1/5, a substantial decrease demonstrating immense progress in terms of the safety features in cars.
The need to revolutionize auto safety was not fully realized until the 1950s, when the first usable airbags were developed, among other safety mechanisms. Then, in 1970, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) was created. The organization still uses the same name today, and continues its role in promoting and effectively executing driving safety regulations throughout the U.S. Whether creating new policies or revising existing regulations (at the state and federal level), the NHTSA and the United States have been true catalysts in the history of car safety.
Incredible Repair Techniques! Witness Nissan Car's Right-Side Collision Transformation!
Monday, September 9, 2024
Report: Larger Vehicles Safer In Crashes
Every day, about 100 people are killed in an auto accident. A new report finds the size of your car can play a major role, Danielle Nottingham reports
Friday, September 6, 2024
Safety consequences of vehicle size and weight
New crash tests demonstrate the influence of vehicle size and weight on safety in crashes; results are relevant to fuel economy policies
ARLINGTON, VA — Three front-to-front crash tests, each involving a microcar or minicar into a midsize model from the same manufacturer, show how extra vehicle size and weight enhance occupant protection in collisions. These Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tests are about the physics of car crashes, which dictate that very small cars generally can't protect people in crashes as well as bigger, heavier models.
Tuesday, September 3, 2024
SAFE STEPS Road Safety: Speed Limits
We all have a role in road safety! So follow these SAFE STEPS to play your part and help save lives.
- Obey speed limits - - Slow down at high risk areas - - Keep a safe distance -
SAFE STEPS Road Safety is a pan-Asian public service initiatives aimed to raise awareness and provide clear and simple life-saving educational messages on road safety. Acclaimed actress and producer, Michelle Yeoh is the SAFE STEPS Road Safety Ambassador.
This programme is created and developed by Prudence Foundation, in partnership with National Geographic Channel and the Federation Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA).
All SAFE STEPS Road Safety tips have been approved by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).
For more information please visit: www.safesteps.com
Saturday, August 31, 2024
Common Driver Mistakes That Cause Vehicular Damage
There are so many actions car owners do simply out of habit when driving their vehicles. Actions such as putting on our seatbelts after we sit down, checking the rearview mirror before backing up, or plugging in our music before taking off for the day. Similarly, there are several other things we do that are not as harmless as the rituals mentioned above.
Many drivers are totally unaware that certain habits can actually damage their vehicles. Driving habits you once thought were harmless are actually highly detrimental. Continue reading to learn a few common habits that can cause serious, costly damage to your car, and see if you are guilty of a few of them yourself!
The Parking Brake
The parking brake is one of the most neglected parts of an automatic transmission vehicle. Those who own manual cars or trucks often use their parking brake, but for several other drivers out there, this operation is often ignored, whether automatic or manual. This is a mistake that can jeopardize the integrity of your parking brake and the transmission itself. It can also result in your vehicle rolling downhill uncontrollably, after being parked on an incline. The parking brake puts a lock on the wheels and prevents it from rolling away. Failing to use a parking brake puts a lot of pressure on the car's transmission; a part of the vehicle not meant to "hold" a car in place. It also strips the parking paw, as mentioned before. Always use the parking brake, but remember to release it before putting your car into drive again!
Switching Gears
Another common driving mistake is switching gears while the car is in motion. This often occurs when a driver backs up in reverse, and then switches their car into the drive-gear before it comes to a complete stop. This can strip the gears and bands within a vehicles transmission, which can be a costly repair. After a while, your vehicle may lose its ability to switch gears altogether because there is nothing there to provide the necessary tension it takes to thrust a vehicle into drive. Always come to a complete stop before switching gears.
Air Conditioning
Many people start their cars the wrong way by leaving their AC on when they shut off the ignition the last time they drove it. Leaving the AC on when you turn your car off, or already having it on when you start your car, is bad for the serpentine belt and causes the engine to work harder than it has to. This can lead to costly repairs down the line.
Automotive Fluids
Failing to replace or change-out automotive fluids is another major mistake made by drivers and car owners alike. This can cause several issues and performance failures with a vehicle. Fluids like brake fluid, motor oil, transmission fluid, power steering fluid, battery fluid, coolant, and windshield wiper fluid are the most important lubricants and liquids for all vehicles. Have them flushed, filled, and replaced as suggested by the manufacturer.
Noises and Sounds
We are probably all guilty of ignoring funny noises and strange sounds coming from our vehicles, at some point in our driving careers. But this is bad to do, and can lead to very costly repairs and put a driver and their passengers in danger. It is not safe to drive a car that is not in good condition. Bad brakes, an overheating engine, and much more can cause serous car accidents and collisions. If your car's brakes are squeaky, or your engine seems to hiss louder than usual, or you hear some other type of unfamiliar noise coming from your vehicle, take it in to a licensed mechanic right away.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/expert/Sarahbeth_Kluzinski/1326228
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/9717255
Wednesday, August 28, 2024
Top 6 Safety Tips For Truck Drivers
At Migway, the safety of our drivers is non-negotiable. Watch as our safety director Viktor explains how Migway trains drivers on safety and what priorities are important here at Migway!
Sunday, August 25, 2024
The History of Automotive Repairs - Why We Need Trained Technicians in the Collision Repair Industry
Vehicle History Overview
* They don't make them like they used to.
The First Cars
* The first motor cars were nothing more than a buggy and engine (Generally repaired by blacksmiths and carpenters. These cars were very expensive, which only the wealthy could afford)
* Model T was the first car mass production on an assembly line in 1908 (Ford's Vision was to produce an affordable car the average person could purchase)
* Model T's came in black only to keep the costs down. (The price came down once the assembly line was streamlined, but in 1908, the cost for a Model T started at $825. By 1913 the cost of the car reduced to $550)
Cars in the 1960s
Cars were made the same basic way up through the 60s
* Body Over Frame
* Rear Wheel Drive (Same concept, but the cars were very big, bulky, and heavy)
Except people in the 60s wanted SPEED! They achieved this with Big Block Motors, which created a lot of Horsepower. (The Birth of Hotrods, Rat Fink, Flames, and Pin Striping).
Cars in the 1970s
* The government place strict fuel economy and emissions control laws
* Customers demanded cars with increased fuel economy
* New laws and customer demands started the automotive explosion of engineering ideas and changes in the automotive industry
Changes to comply with Demands and Laws
* Smaller bodied cars and smaller engines
* Aerodynamics (Increase Fuel Mileage)
* Lighter cars by using different materials and designs
* More work-hardened areas created during formation of panel (Body Lines)
* Safety
Construction of Interstate Highways + Higher Speed Limits + More High Performance Cars = Accidents and More
Deaths from Auto Accidents
Federal Laws were passed to regulate safety. These laws included:
* Installation of seatbelts
* Safety glass windshields
* Head restraints
* In 1979, the first driver side airbag was introduced
* Airbags are mandatory in motor cars produced after 1990
* Unibody Torque Boxes: Allow controlled twisting and crushing
* Crush Zones: Made to collapse during collision (To act as an absorber, absorbing the impact)
Modern Day Cars
* Carbon Fiber Parts
* Aluminum Parts
* More Plastic Parts
* High Strength Steel
* Boron Steel
* Unibody Construction
* Space Frame Construction
* Computer
* Hybrid Cars
Now they even have cars that will tell you when you're lost, where to turn, Parallel Park for you.
Conclusion
While the modern day cars appear to be made cheap and unsafe, they are actually designed to crush or collapse, while transferring the energy around the stronger passenger compartment to protect the passengers from injury.
There is considerably more damage to modern day cars during a collision than the older vehicles, which gives the perception that "they don't make them like they used to". However, in reality the cars are taking the impact instead of the passengers.
The lesson was designed to give you a little history, but to also emphasize that just a hammer, dolly and a few wrenches are not going to repair today's cars. We need highly trained collision repair and automotive technicians to repair today's vehicles.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/4210770
Thursday, August 22, 2024
5 Car Care Hacks: What Your Auto Body Shop Wants You to Know
While auto body shop professionals are happy to help with tiny and large problems alike, some car problems can be prevented or at least delayed. A great mechanic wants to empower car owners with knowledge of how to take great care of their vehicles. They should follow these five car care hacks to enjoy logging many miles to come in their automobile.
1. Tending to Tires
It's easy to trust that tires will keep spinning until the driver feels one go flat, but car owners can extend the longevity of their tires with a bit of extra care. They should wipe off brake dust on a regular basis, meaning at least once per week. If brake dust builds up, it's a little-known fact that it can bake into the wheels of an automobile if left on for too long. They should rely on a damp sponge and soapy water to clear off the dust.
That's not all it takes to keep tires in great shape. They should check the car's tire pressure regularly, or have a professional mechanic do so if they're not familiar with the ins and outs of tire pressure. Also, having their tread depth checked and tires rotated regularly is advisable.
2. Keeping Their Cool
Many people don't know that it's important to flush their motor vehicle's cooling system at least once per year, and they should change the coolant then as well as whenever it's needed throughout the year. Automobile owners need to trust a professional mechanic for this job, and they can ensure that grime, corrosion, and other deposits don't build up in the car's cooling system.
3. Letting Their Light Shine
Car owners should check their headlights and brake lights regularly to make sure these lights are in excellent working order. Not only can broken lights result in tickets, but they can also present a hazard on the road. Both the headlights and brake lights can be quickly tested at an auto body shop, and when there is a problem, it's usually easy to fix as long as vehicle owners catch it before it causes problems on the road.
4. Showing Pride in the Car's Appearance
One crucial aspect of taking the best care of a car is also keeping it clean. Whether they own a small car, a huge SUV, or anything in between, automobile owners should get a regular car wash and wax. They need to schedule a vehicle wash every week or at least every other week. Also, if they notice immediate issues, such as a bird relieving itself on the top of their car, it's important to wash the excrement away as soon as possible. Bird waste can actually damage a car's paint job, so cleaning up the mess right away is essential.
5. Paying Attention to Warnings
If drivers notice a warning light on their dashboard, they need to resist the temptation to look the other way. Whether it's a check engine light, a temperature light, an oil light, or something else, car owners should take their vehicle to an auto body shop to check on the problem right away. The earlier they catch an issue, the easier and less expensive it may be to fix.
Finally, automobile owners need to keep in mind that they can prevent some trips to the auto body shop for repairs by taking optimal care of their car. They need to take action today to keep their vehicle in pristine condition.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/expert/Anders_Abadie/1022510
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/9461614
Monday, August 19, 2024
Towing Collision! Bad car accident
Global Towing to the rescue another bad accident part#2 that happened today! not only its my call up, I love serving the community do EVERYTHING I can to help anyone that was involved in a collision! sometimes ill meet the drivers or finding out they were sent to the hospital!
Friday, August 16, 2024
Safety consequences of vehicle size and weight
Crash tests demonstrate the influence of vehicle size and weight on safety in crashes; results are relevant to fuel economy policies
ARLINGTON, VA — Three front-to-front crash tests, each involving a microcar or minicar into a midsize model from the same manufacturer, show how extra vehicle size and weight enhance occupant protection in collisions. These Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tests are about the physics of car crashes, which dictate that very small cars generally can't protect people in crashes as well as bigger, heavier models.
Corby's Collision - "Hands On" Owner with Happy Employees
"Hands On" Owner / Operator Paul Troutner talks about happy employees and happy customers. http://corbysvacaville.com/
Tuesday, August 13, 2024
15 Defensive Driving Secrets That Can Save Your Life
The most important rule for when you’re in a drift is not to brake. We mean than blocked wheels don’t let the driver control the car at all. There are only two ways of dealing with drifts, and they are different for each type of drive.
Saturday, August 10, 2024
SAFE STEPS Road Safety: Seatbelts
Tuesday, August 6, 2024
TESLA COLLISION REPAIR : CERTIFIED TECHNICIAN
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